雅思听力对话结构

 雅思听力的分层标志有哪些？先来回忆一下对话结构。

对话结构

1. 问题提出

是什么

问题产生的前因后果

2. 问题解决/解释（层次分明，可能有下面三种情况）

或逐一解答不同问题

或针对同一问题提出不同方案

或梳理问题本身 

3. 结果

问题解决是否满意

接下来怎么做(通常用提建议的方式引出该部分)

讲座结构

• Introduction

• 寒暄或回顾，引入文章主题，介绍概念定义等

• Main body

• 展开话题，逐层讲解，层次分明（多为三四层）；

  ——或并列（直观/隐性）；

  ——或逐层深入；

  ——或历史发展…

• Conclusion （少）

   ——或表明态度

   ——呼应主题

通过上面的结构，我们可以知道一篇文章是有层次的。那么，文章的分层标志是什么呢？今天，我们来讲一讲判断分层的标志。新层次开始的判断方法，就是判断是否出现的新的话题，即主语或者讨论主题发生了变化。总结归纳下来，托福听力中新话题出现的方式有以下几种：通过互动信号词，结合问题、并列、转折、强调、时间发展等方式提出了新的问题、专业术语概念、新事物、新观点等。

互动信号词

1. now, now then：用于引起注意或用于转换话题，意为“好了”多为口语表达

2. so：那么，用以提出新话题、疑问、评论等  

3. Okay：非正式用语，意为好的

Tips：这些强调词通常会与其他方式配合出现，听到这些词一定要提示自己下文可能会转换话题。

通过“问题”判断分层

同学们听以下音频，判断问题作为分层的标志

音频-问题

【文本参考】

Oh, and speaking about farms, that reminds me. One interesting thing I read about Franzten is that when she first moved back to Iowa after living abroad, she often visited this place in her town called the Sales Barn. And the Sales Barn, it was basically this place where the local farmers bought and sold their cattle, their farm animals. And the reason Frantzen went there, and she later on would visit other places like dance halls, was to observe people and the ways that they moved. She really found that this helped her work---that it gave her an understanding of body movements and actions, how humans move, and stand still, what their postures were like, too.

So, what about Realism? What are the elements of Realism we should be looking for in Frantzen’s work？

（上文谈到了Sales Barn对Franzten作品的帮助；So一个强调词后面+问答，很明显的分层标志，下文讲到Franzten作品中的现实注意）

Student

Um… real honest depictions of subject matter, pretty unidealized stuff, and pretty everyday subject matter, too.

Professor

Good. One other painting I really want you to look at is of a young woman surrounded by pumpkins. You will notice that the woman’s face is so realistic looking that it’s almost like a photograph. The woman’s nose is a little less than perfect and her hair is kind of messed up. This is realism.

通过”并列词”判断分层

【文本参考】

In the Middle Ages. Europeans were familiar with lots of different spices, most important being pepper, cloves, ginger, cinnamon, maize and nutmeg. These spices literarily dominated the way Europeans lived for centuries, how they traded and even how they used their imaginations. So, why this medieval fascination with spices?（前文内容介绍香料，So一个强调词+问答，下文讲解讲到中世纪的人为何对香料如此着迷？） We can boil it down to there general ideas briefly. One was cost and rarity.（one是表示平行并列的逻辑词，有了one，就会有two，three，four等，注意下文类似的表达） Uh two was exotic taste and fragrance. And third, mysterious origins and kinds of mythical status. Now for cost and rarity, spices aren’t native to Europe and they had to be imported. Spices only grew in the East Indies and of course transportation costs were incredibly valuable even from the very beginning. Here is an example. In 408 AD, the Gothic General who captured Rome demanded payment. He wanted 5000 pounds of gold among other things but he also wanted 3000 pounds of pepper. Maybe that would give you an idea of exactly where pepper stood at the time. By the Middle Ages, spices were regarded as so important and expensive they were used in diplomacy, as gifts by heads of state and ambassadors. Now for the taste.（now 一个强调词，引起分层，taste和上文出现的cost and rarity在内容上是并列关系）The diet then was relatively bland, compared to today’s. There wasn’t much variety. Especially the aristocracy who tended to eat a lot of meat, they were always looking for new ways to prepare it, new sources, new tastes and this is where spices came in.

通过“转折”分层

【文本参考】

Now, we geologists thought we had a pretty good idea of how the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States was formed.We knew that it was formed from sandstone that solidified somewhere between 150and 300 million years ago. Before it solidified, it was just regular sand. Essentially it was part of a vast desert. And until just recently, most of us thought the sand had come from an ancient mountain range fairly close by that flattened out over time. That’s been the conventional wisdom among geologists for quite some time. But now we've learned something different, and quite surprising, using a technique called Uranium-Lead Dating.（前文讲地质学家对大峡谷常规性的认识，but非常明显的强调词，后面要用Uranium-Lead Dating这种测量法对于大峡谷有不同的认识。因此，but后面是重点） I should say that Uranium-Lead Dating has been around for quite a while. But there have been some recent refinements. I will get into this in a minute. Anyway, Uranium-Lead Dating has produced some surprises. Two geologists discovered that about half of the sand from the Grand Canyon was actually once part of the Appalachian Mountains. That’s really eye-opening news, since the Appalachian Mountain Range is, of course, thousands of kilometers to the east of the Grand Canyon. Sounds pretty unbelievable, right? Of course, the obvious question is how did that sand end up so far west? The theory is that huge rivers and wind carried the sand west where it mixed in with the sand that was already there. Well, this was a pretty revolutionary finding. Um… and it was basically because of Uranium-Lead Dating.

以上讲到了互动信号词，问题，并列，转折作为分层的标志，更多关于雅思考试的个性化问题欢迎咨询新航道官网