托福阅读：还在为长段落长选项的选非题发愁吗？

　　还在为长段落长选项的选非题发愁吗？

　　对一些同学来说选非题是不容易得分的题型，特别是段落和选项都很长的时候，觉得无从下手，那我们就着重看下这种情况应该怎么办吧！

　　01

　　简单了解一下出题形式

通常以NOT 和EXCEPT 为标志

　　According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of …?

　　The author mentions all of the following about …EXCEPT…

　　一定要注意是选择没提的或者不正确的，千万别当成细节题看到A选项原文中有就直接选了！！！

　　那这种题通常如何做呢？

　　02

　　解题方法

　　1. 题干中有明显的关键词，就根据关键词定位（通常会考到原文中一句话或者两句话的并列的列举，比较简单）

　　2. 当题干中关键词太宽泛，例如是文章主题或者段落主旨，同时选项是完整的长句，这时候通过选项中的关键词定位

　　种比较简单，我们着重讲第二点，一起通过例题来看一下吧

　　03

　　例题解析

例题1:

　　According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT:

　　A. Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social equality.

　　B. Metal weapons increased the power of warriors.

　　C. Iron tools helped increase the food supply.

　　D. Technical knowledge gave religious power to its holders

　　Paragraph 4：

　　This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. Iron represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and weapons had an important place in society, often with special religious powers and functions. Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies. Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political power.

　　解析：

　　题干中的关键词是social effects 和 new metal technology

　　我们看到段落中的句话就说到技术的转变会引起很大的改变，下面都是在讲改变，这时候我们就要着重选项中的关键词

　　A. greater social equality

　　B. warriors

　　C. food supply

　　D. religious power

　　敏感的同学在读到段落中的第二句时就能感到铁匠有重要的社会地位，宗教方面的还有原文中最后一句政治方面的权力，就知道社会不是更平等。当然我们也得把其他三个选项都看一下，这样会更保险。要特别注意c选项增加食物产量，这个在原文中并没有直接说，但是却说到了铁锄头让土地更加多产，其实是同一个意思。A 是明显错误，所以就选择A。

　　例题2

　　Paragraph 5 supports all of the following statements about the groundwater in deserts EXCEPT:

　　A. The groundwater is consistently found just below the surface

　　B. A small part of the groundwater helps maintain lake levels

　　C. Most of the groundwater is not recharged through surface water

　　D. The groundwater is increasingly used as a source of freshwater

　　Paragraph 5:

　　Deserts contain large amounts of groundwater when compared to the amounts they hold in surface stores such as lakes and rivers. But only a small fraction of groundwater enters the hydrological cycle—feeding the flows of streams, maintaining lake levels, and being recharged (or refilled) through surface flows and rainwater.

　　In recent years, groundwater has become an increasingly important source of freshwater for desert dwellers. The United Nations Environment Program and the World Bank have funded attempts to survey the groundwater resources of arid lands and to develop appropriate extraction techniques. Such programs are much needed because in many arid lands there is only a vague idea of the extent of groundwater resources. It is known, however, that the distribution of groundwater is uneven, and that much of it lies at great depths.

　　解析：

　　关键词是groundwater，但是这整个段落都是在讲地下水，所以不能以它作为关键词，而是要看选项中的关键词

　　A. found just below the surface

　　B. lake levels

　　C. not recharged surface water

　　D. surface water

　　这一段虽然比较长，但是却比较好理解，我们也很容易通过选项中的关键词定位到原文中的句子，B\C\D 选项都有对应，A 项和原文中的最后一句明显是矛盾的，原文是说地下水分布不平均，且大部分地下水都深藏在地下，所以答案是A。

例题3

　　Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:

　　A.  The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.

　　B. Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.

　　C.  Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stonewares were.

　　D. The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.

　　Paragraph 3:

　　The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperaturestonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

　　解析：

　　关键词是history of the ceramic industry，但是这整个段落甚至整篇文章都是在讲瓷器，所以不能以它作为关键词，而是要看选项中的关键词

　　A. earliest high-fired ceramics 和poor quality

　　B. Tang and Ming

　　C. earthenware 和 stonewares

　　D. Song

　　B/C/D我们可以定位到原文中的划横线的这些句子，而A选项最早的瓷器质量差原文并没有直接提到，或者说根据选项中的定位词high-fired 定位到原文中的第二句，A 选项也和原文不一致，所以综合来看答案是A，所以答案是A。

　　总结：

　　1. 选非题遇到题干中没有明显关键词的时候，就看选项中的关键词，然后在原文中对应，通常4个选项会零散地分布在原文的不同位置；

　　2. 原文比较长也不要着急，耐心地定位到原文中的句子，再好好分析定位句；

　　3. 选项和原文可能是同义改写，比如“让土地更多产”对应“增加食物产量”。这时候要注意选项中的一些词和原文中的一些词是否意思一致，选非题对单词量的要求还是比较高的；

　　4. 我们通常是选择明显错误或者原文没提或者和原文不一致的选项。

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