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考托的朋友们,在学习托福阅读的过程中,是否遇到过这些情况:
技巧一学就会,题目一做就废;TPO刷完十几套后,阅读也喜提十几分;单词都认识,句子也读懂了,题目还是做错了。
这是为什么?
要回答这个问题,我们先要明确以下几点:
1.学了≠掌握≠熟练。解题方法需要通过刷题内化,形成固定的解题思维和习惯。
2.刷题要精。不仅要有量,更要有质,要做错题分析,要有总结反思。
3.单词认识,句子都懂,有时候可能只是个美丽的误会。
那么,应该如何正确高效地刷题呢?
我们就从单词、错题分析、同义改写这三个方面来聊聊这个问题。
单 词
做题时,我们总会遇到一些似曾相识却死活想不起来意思的单词。
这些“
熟悉的陌生人”就是我们应该重点关注的对象,多几次邂逅,就成朋友了。这样的单词应该多多巩固和积累。
积累单词时也要注意方法。
1.单词有主次之分。托福阅读的单词可以分为两类,一类是核心词汇(常见高频词),需要重点记忆,另一类是学科词汇(例如动植物名称),了解即可。
如何去判断一个单词是否重要,有个小方法:如果一个单词的中文意思我们都看不懂,那这个单词就不太重要。
比如在下面这个段落(选自托福官方指南The Official Guide to the TOEFL test)中,蓝色部分就是学科词汇,前期没必要花费大量精力去背诵。
It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales,porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2.一词多义。老朋友也会有我们不熟悉的一面,所以要留心熟词僻意。
比如film“电影”的意思放到下面的例句中(选自TPO20 – Passage 3 Fossil Preservation)就解释不通了。
Another type of fossilization, known as carbonization, occurs when soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon.
这里film是“薄层”的意思,films of carbon就是碳层。
3.查生词要用权威字典(牛津、韦氏、柯林斯等)。有道、百度、搜狗等等,无论用哪种软件,一定要去看带英文解释和例句的权威字典,这对于准确理解单词在特定语境中的意思非常重要。
不要为了省事,而只看下图这种仅仅罗列中文释义的“简明”词典。
错题分析
错题分析应该包含三个方面:
正确选项为什么是对的;你选的选项为什么是错的;当时选错的原因是什么(单词不认识、语法问题导致句子没看懂、解题思路错了、错误选项迷惑性太强、粗心等等)。
还有一条常常被忽略,但其实非常重要。只有去反思自己当时出错的原因,才能找到自己的问题并针对性解决,才能避免之后再犯同样的错误。
同义改写(Paraphrase)
阅读中正确答案的词几乎都能在原文找到对应,但通常会存在同义改写,也就是用不同的单词、短语和句型来表达相同的意思。
同义改写的方式包括近义词替换、词性、转换等。识别和积累这些同义改写对于提升做题正确率有很大帮助。
比如TPO22 – Passage 1 的这道题:
According to paragraph 6, each of the following methods has been used in attempts to control Spartina EXCEPT:
A. flooding plants
B. cutting plants down repeatedly
C. applying herbicides
D. introducing predatory insects
Efforts to control Spartina outside its natural environment have included burning, flooding, shading plants with black canvas or plastic, smothering the plants with dredged materials or clay, applying herbicide, and mowing repeatedly. Little success has been reported in New Zealand and England; Washington State’s management program has tried many of these methods and is presently using the herbicide glyphosphate to control its spread. Work has begun to determine the feasibility of using insects as biological controls, but effective biological controls are considered years away. Even with a massive effort, it is doubtful that complete eradication of Spartina from nonnative habitats is possible, for it has become an integral part of these shorelines and estuaries during the last 100 to 200 years.
B选项的cutting plants down对应原文的mowing,通过近义词替换进行了改写。
如果做题时我们没有看出来,那么在错题分析中就应该将它记下来,进行积累。更多关于托福考试的个性化问题敬请咨询新航道官网
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