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TOEFL阅读文章考题分为十大题型,一般说来,三道题的题型是固定的,分别是句子简化题、插入文本题、文章总结题。今天我们就来分析一下句子简化题。句子简化题是旧托福没有的一种题型,目的是考察考生对于句子的逻辑关系、句子基本信息的准确把握的能力。它要求考生选出一个句子,其意思必须与文中某个句子(通常是用阴影标识出来)的主要意思一致。
问题的形式是:Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 这种问题形式相对于其他题型来说告诉我们的信息很多。首先,正确的选项应该是表达了essential information(主要信息),而错误选项的特征题目中也帮我们说了出来,那就是:一, change the meaning in important ways(改变重要信息)二,leave out essential information(遗漏重要信息)。所以Information应该是我们衡量选项的一个重要标准。同时请注意,选项不一定和原文一模一样,可以使原文的Paraphrase.在实际做题过程中,光有Information的衡量还不足够,还需要另一个判断标准,那就是逻辑关系,即Logic.如果原句中A信息作为原因导致B信息,那么选项中若出现B信息引起A信息,那就是Logic出现了错误;如果A信息butB信息,那么选项中若出现A信息和B信息共同点是哪些,那么也是Logic出现了错误。所以,判断选项的两个标准就是Information(I)和Logic(L).
我们先以一个简单句的句子简化题来分析一下。Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals–an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. 在这个阴影部分的句子中,没有很难的从句,所以直接按照句子的基本逻辑分析就可以了。可以在草稿纸上写一下句子结构:
同学们可以看一下我写的结构,这个句子是平铺直述型的,所以从左到右的Logic非常清晰。HS代表了hyperaccumulating species,如果同学们不知道这个词的意思,其实也没关系,不影响做题。一个大括号意为such as,然后把举的2个例子摆在后面。的 abandoned和contaminated分别修饰mine和pond,所以可以不写全单词,但是必须记住这也是一个信息。下面我们看一下选项(1)Before considering phytoremediation, hyperaccumulating species of plants local to the target area must be identified. 这个选项中的before注定了选项的错误,因为原文没有before这样的逻辑。可以标注L,意为逻辑错误。(2) The investigation begins with an evaluation of toxic sites in the target area to determine the extent of contamination. 这个选项完全没提到HS,说明Information缺失,所以标注I,信息缺失。(3) The first step in phytoremediation is the planting of hyperaccumulating plants in the area to be cleaned up. 这个选项Information方面HS提到,in the area to be cleaned up是对原文in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff的Paraphrase.所以这个选项是正确的。(4)Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planting hyperaccumulating species in targeted areas. 这个选项改变了原句中的Information,所以这个选项也是错误的,信息错误。再解释一下这句话的意思。“这个方案开始于在目标地区种植超累积五中,目标地区可以是废弃的矿井,或者是被径流污染的灌溉水塘。”并且即使有些词汇不容易猜出来,我们也可以选出正确选项。
这是一个简单句的句子简化,下面我们分析一下复杂句的句子简化。经常考到的复杂句的逻辑关系有:因果关系、对比转折关系、比较关系等。今天我们先看一个因果关系的句子关系。因果关系分为显性因果和隐性因果。
显性因果:
因:because,because of,for,as,since,in that,on account of,with
果:so,so that,therefore,thereby,as a result,hence,thus,consequently,accordingly
隐性因果:
a,导致(因-果):cause,reason(推断),lead to,give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for
b,由…而来(因-果):result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to
c,反映、体现(果-因):reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show
d,考虑到,依赖于(果-因):given, considering, concerning, in view of, thanks to, rely on, depend on, resort to, according to
e,条件关系:when, once, as soon as, as long as
这些都是可以指向因果关系的句子,同学们理解一下即可。
These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds' falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy. 这个句子中很明显有because,所以构成前后的因果关系。词汇的话我们可以先猜一下。term名词是术语、学期的意思,动词有可能是“被术语”,偏向于“被叫做”。setting有系列的意思,可理解为环境。opportunist必然是机会主义者,还有canopy也是一个botany方面的学术词,不认识没有关系,不影响做题。句子结构中的such as后面必然是setting的举例,因为根据我们学过的语法知识,where后面引导的完全是修饰setting的定语从句,所以属于二级信息。我们尝试写一下句子结构。
分析一下选项(1)Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present, dandelions are classified as opportunists. Information方面,essential的部分是seed,no competing都具备了,因果关系这种Logic也正确,所以这个选项是正确的。(2)Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy. 这个选项属于因果关系Logic错误的选项。属于隔山打牛的情况,越过中间的步步流程,指向部分的修饰语,和原文的logic是不符的,标记L。(3)The term opportunists apply to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants. 明显和原文中competing plants are removed意义不相符,属于信息错误,标记I。(4)The term opportunists apply to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes. 明显和原文中competing plants are removed意义不相符,属于信息错误,标记I。
其实句子简化题还有对比转折关系,比较关系的句子,比如说For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.这个句子明显是对比转折的关系。我们也可以写一下这个句子的结构。
所以根据结构来判断Information和Logic两方面。一种是比较关系,也是先写句子结构,再来判断,这样一定能确保把正确选项选出来。
句子简化题不容易并且费时,只要能迅速地把结构写出来,选项不是难题。多分析长难句是做对这种题型的关键。遇到题目不要着急看选项,先分析原文的句子,在草稿纸上画一画写一写,就能把这道题的分值拿到手。
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