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步:学习“关联词”
1. 何谓“关联词”
“关联词”是指一些能够指明句与句之间逻辑关系的词。有些关联词可以连接从句与主句,有些关联词可以连接独立的两个句子。
2. 学习“关联词”的方法
对于“关联词”的学习,海外考试研究中心建议考生按照其表示的逻辑关系来分类学习,具体逻辑关系如下:
①表示举例
a case in point, after all, as an proof, as an illustration, as an example, for example, for instance, in particular, just as, namely, specifically, to illustrate, to demonstrate
②表示增补
additionally, along with, also, as well as, besides, equally, even, furthermore, in addition, just as, moreover, not only…but also…, what‘s more
③表示强调
above all, as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, most important, obviously, to be sure, truly, undoubtedly, without doubt
④表示比较
by comparison, equally, equally important, in comparison, in the same way, in the same manner, likewise, similarly
⑤表示让步
admittedly, after all, all the same, although, even so, in spite of, nevertheless
⑥表示结果
accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus.
⑦表示转折
although, but, despite, except for, though, however, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on the other hand, otherwise, rather than, though, yet.
⑧表示结论
as has been noted(mentioned, stated), at last, finally, in a word, all in all, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in sum, in summary, to conclude, to sum up , to summarize.
3. 学习“关联词”的作用
①增强表达的地道性
英文是显性的语言,它完全不同于隐性的中文。因为英文中的逻辑几乎都是跃然纸上的,显露在外的。然而,中文几乎不要求逻辑,是隐晦的。所以,朗阁海外考试研究中心建议考生在英文写作词汇的学习中,首先要积累的就是英文中能够直接说明句与句之间逻辑的关联词,同时摒弃中文表达不强调逻辑的习惯。
②增强论证的流畅度
议论文中最难写的部分往往是支持句。很多考生把作文架子搭起来之后,就一筹莫展了。而熟练使用关联词是很好的解决问题的方法。因为支持句实际上,就是通过一些论证方法将其表达出来,而常见的论证方法有举例论证、因果论证、对比论证等。那就不难发现,熟练使用“关联词”可以帮助考生更好的扩展支持句,做到文章有理有据而且流畅清晰。
第二步:学习“题干核心词”
1. 何谓“题干核心词”
雅思议论文题目虽多,但是可以按话题分为八大类:教育,科技,环境与动物,媒体与广告,政府,工作与生活,语言与文化,法律与犯罪。在每个话题的题目中,会有一些出现频率比较高的名词即为:“题干核心词”。
2. 学习“题干核心词”的方法
步:找出“写作机经”的“实意词”
第二步:积累“实意词”的近义词
下面以“教育”话题为例,具体讲解一下学习“题干核心词”的方法。
「学习方式」
Students at schools and universities learn far more from lessons with teachers than from other sources (such as the Internet and television)。 To what extent do you agree or disagree?
「高等教育」
Some people think university education should prepare students for employment. Other people think university has other functions. Discuss both views and what do you think the function of university education.
「课程的安排」
Some people believe that teenagers should concentrate on all school subjects, while others claim that students should focus on the subject that they are best at or that they find interesting. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
以上黑体字部分为实意词。找到实意词之后,考生可以借助词典或其他工具积累近义词或同义词。
题干的核心词
1. 学生种类:
Teenager: Adolescent, Juvenile (formal or law),
University students: Undergraduate, postgraduate
2. 教育层次:
Basic education: Grade school, elementary school, (6-12), junior school, senior/high school
Post-school education, tertiary education, advanced education, higher education
3. 课程:
Curriculum, course, subject, programme
4. 网络学习:
Online learning, tele-education, virtual class, distance learning, e-learning
3. 学习“题干核心词”的作用
①增强审题的准确性
写作评分标准的项为“task response”,要求考生的作文要扣题去写。但是,有一部分考生由于词汇量不够题目都看不明白,那么作文必然走题。通过复习“写作机经”积累“题干核心词”可以大大降低走题的可能性,保证审题的准确性,因为写作题目题干的一些核心词往往不会改变。
②快速扩展开头段
“万事开头难”这句俗话在写作中也有体现—考生会在写作的开始不知道如何下笔。开头段的目的实际上最重要的就是“引出主题”,而题干就是在引题,但是考试有规定题干不能照抄。那么,题干核心词的近义词就有大用处了,它们可以帮助考生快速改写题干,完成开头段引出主题的任务。
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